Forest biodiversity and ecosystem services from spruce-birch mixtures: The potential importance of tree spatial arrangement
نویسندگان
چکیده
There is increasing empirical support for the biodiversity and ecosystem service (ES) benefits of mixed-species production forests. However, few studies control spatial arrangement trees within mixtures to determine influence that clustering tree species (patch scale mixtures), versus evenly dispersing them (intimate may have ES outcomes. To highlight potential implications altering in mixtures, need fill related knowledge gaps, here we provide a qualitative multi-disciplinary overview ecological socio-economic drivers with alter biodiversity, services, management-related outcomes from patch intimate mixtures. We focused our on even-aged Norway spruce (Picea abies) birch (Betula pendula or B. pubescens) Sweden, which enabled us contrast findings biogeographical silvicultural setting. Specifically, targeted (understory vascular plants, epiphytic lichens, saproxylic beetles, birds), biomass production, harvesting costs, management ease, recreation aesthetics, cervid game, as well abiotic biotic risks (wind, fire, pathogens, pests, browsing damage). In absence direct evidence, primarily relied expert inference theory relevant sourced Fennoscandian region, further afield if needed. Collectively these efforts allowed develop number informed hypotheses indicating spruce-birch this favour diversity several forest dependant taxonomic groups, game reduce whereas pathogen pest damage, likewise, potentially benefit Current was too limited, inconsistent context even tentatively infer fire risk, wind recreational aesthetic emphasize require testing, but are sufficient (1) likely importance spatial-scale services forests, (2) caution against generalization mixture lack considerations, (3) motivate consideration grain future studies.
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Environmental challenges
سال: 2022
ISSN: ['2667-0100']
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envc.2021.100407